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Avignon: Actes Sud, 1979. [3] 10t^�Q�l ggbL�{kR�v����:N�N�[ N�v�^d�{kR0 ���������N T � � � � � �  � �ββ��βΆj�j�jQj�Q�Q�0h:[h:[>*B*CJKHOJQJ^JaJph6jh:[h:[B*CJKHOJQJU^JaJph-h:[h:[B*CJKHOJQJ^JaJph)h:[h:[B*CJKHOJQJ^Jph6jh:[h:[B*CJKHOJQJU^JaJph-h:[h:[B*CJKHOJQJ^JaJph3h:[h:[5�B* CJKHOJQJ\�^JaJph3��� < � �:Xp� @b��P8\R�n�� ������������������������� $dP1$a$gd:[ $1$a$gd:[ $dP1$a$gd:[R��� � t � � � �� HN��$JP����.6x������������"$Dn!~!�!�!t"|"|#�#�#�#�#�#�#�%�%�&.'0'@'���εεεεεεεεεεε����������ε����εεε����ε����<h:[h:[5�6�>*B*CJKHOJQJ\�]�^JaJph0h:[h:[>*B*CJKHOJQJ^JaJph-h:[h:[B*CJKHOJQJ^JaJph3h:[h:[6�B*CJKHOJQJ]�^JaJph;� �$(�)�,�-�003t3�5b8�:`;L>B@�ADBGITK�L�OBR�T�V�V6[�[\���������������������������� $dP1$a$gd:[@'(0(2(B(�(�())")*)8)@)V)f)�+�+&,.,�-�-&...J.X.�.�. //d/l/�0�0�1�1�1�1�1�122*222&3.3�3�34 4�4�4�45�5�5p6x6d7t7x7�7�7�7X8`8t8�8999.9�9����������������������������������������������0h:[h:[>*B*CJKHOJQJ^JaJph3h:[h:[6�B*CJKHOJQJ]�^JaJph-h:[h:[B*CJKHOJQJ^JaJphG�9�9 :(:f:t:�:�:";*;V;^;�;�;X=`=�=�=>>>$>>>F>�>�>L?T?�?�?B@R@z@�@�@�@�@A�A�AXBhB�B�B�BCXC`ClC�C�CD�D�DtE�E�E�EFFF(FG G8G@G�H�H�HI*J2J�J���жж����������������������ж��жж��ж������ж����жж��ж�����������3h:[h:[6�B*CJKHOJQJ]�^JaJph-h:[h:[B*CJKHOJQJ^JaJph0h:[h:[>*B*CJKHOJQJ^JaJphH�J�J�J�J�JJKRK�K�KLL@LHL�L�L�M�M�N�N�RS�S�S�V�V�V�V�V�V�W�ж�����������жж��ж�~�b���6jEh:[h:[B*CJKHOJQJU^JaJph0h:[h:[B*CJKHOJQJ^JaJphy(<h:[h:[5�6�>*B*CJKHOJQJ\�]�^JaJph3h:[h:[6�B*CJKHOJQJ]�^JaJph-h:[h:[B*CJKHOJQJ^JaJph0h:[h:[>*B*CJKHOJQJ^JaJph�W�WXXnXpXvXxX�X�X�X�XZY\YbYdYfYhY�Y�Y>Z@ZFZHZLZNZ�Z�Z$[&[,[.[6[<[X[�[�[�[\nn6n�no$oqq8q>q�q�q�r�r�r�r2s8s�s�s�t�t���������������������������ʹ͚ʹ͘�͚ʹ͚͚ʹʹʹʹʹʹU3h:[h:[6�B*CJKHOJQJ]�^JaJph0h:[h:[>*B*CJKHOJQJ^JaJph-h:[h:[B*CJKHOJQJ^JaJph6jh:[h:[B*CJKHOJQJU^JaJph<[4] Amnesty International, When the State Kills& , The Death Penalty: A Human Rights Issue, New York: Amnesty International, 1989, pp.259-262. [5]  Capital Punishment and Implementation of the Safeguards Guaranteering Protection of the Rights of Those Facing the Death Penalty, Report to the Secretary-General, U.N. Doc. E/2000/3. 勥bJT1u��VSS���v�rjf[�[့_�Roger Hood �Ye�c�d�Q0'Yf��VE�2001t^1g1�e�v�~��peW[ z g N T0�N�N�v�bJT>f:y(W�l�_ N�^d�{kR�v�V�[ g@b�X�R � �(W�N�[ N�^d�{kR�V�[�vpeW[R N��HN�N�NPN‰��[@b g�rj�^d�{kR�v�V�[75��N�[nf��rj�^d�{kR�v�V�[13�(W�[��-N�^d�{kR�v�V�[20��OYu{kR�v�V�[870 [6] *bbk2008t^1g4�e �NLu N g91*N�V�[(W�z�l N�^d��N@b g�rj�v{kR �11*N�V�[�^d��Nnf��rj�v{kR �33*N�V�[(W�[�� N�^d��N{kR � ��OYu{kR�v�V�[�SiR N62*N0  ы��l0 [7] eY0W)R0�e��0��pQ0*m���b�e0�Nr�R0l�\�N+Y0�]^�N�e�Q�Q�N0 [8] N9N0Ys|<\�RqQ�T�V0l����R�e�R0id�~�T0�e�pQ0(�id�N0^X�Q�R\0@bW蕤�\0 [9] �R�b'Y0-N^�qQ�T�V0Ye�^0l�3��N0Yt��0<\�e\0�ȇpQaS0�V�tbS0��V0 [10] ?�9h�^0�o'Y)R�N0�]�]Y�e0�]�0[O�_҉0R�g0^Xfme0Ys|<\�R0(�\�tY0�l�V0�Q�k�N0�_�V0 N(W@b gR�Nɋ��-N�v z�^�O���v 0lQlCg)R�T?e�lCg)R�VE�lQ�~ 0,{14ag�v8h�_�R/f`N�`�l0�S��Meron, Human Rights, p.96. [27] Geneva Convention of August 12, 1949 for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field, (1950) 75 UNTS 31, art.3; Geneva Convention of August 12, 1949 for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea, (1950) 75 UNTS 85, art.3; Geneva Convention of August 12, 1949 Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, art. 3; Geneva Convention of August 12, 1949 Relative to the Protection of Civilians, art. 3. [28] Millitary and Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States), [1986] ICJ Reports 14, paras. 218, 155, 192(9). [29] 0lQlCg)R�T?e�lCg)R�VE�lQ�~ 0,{6ag,{2>k �,{14ag,{1>k� 0'k2m�NCglQ�~ 0,{2ag,{1>k �,{6ag� 0�2m�NCglQ�~ 0,{4ag,{2>k �,{8ag� 0^�2m�NCg�Tl�eCg�[�z 0 �OAU Doc. CAB/LEG/67/3 rev.5, 4 EHRR 417, 21 ILM 58, art.7� 0�O��b�4N{kR�Cg)R�v�O���c�e 0 ESC Res. 1984/50, art.5� 0�O��b�4N{kR�Cg)R�v�O���c�e�v�[�e 0 � ESC Res. 1989/64; ESC Res.1996/15. [30] 0lQlCg)R�T?e�lCg)R�VE�lQ�~ 0,{14ag,{2>k� 0'k2m�NCglQ�~ 0,{6ag,{2>k� 0�2m�NCglQ�~ 0,{8ag,{2>k� 0^�2m�NCg�Tl�eCg�[�z 0,{7ag,{1>k,{2y�� 0�O��b�4N{kR�Cg)R�v�O���c�e 0,{4ag0 �O���c�e �X�Rĉ�[ ��S g(W�[��c�c�vjL�9hncfnx�v�T�N�N�O g�v��nc���[ ��[�N�[�l gvQ�N�ʑYO0W�v�`�Q N �Mb���[j0 [31] 0lQlCg)R�T?e�lCg)R�VE�lQ�~ 0,{14ag,{3>k,{4y�� 0'k2m�NCglQ�~ 0,{6ag,{2>k,{3y�� 0�2m�NCglQ�~ 0,{8ag,{2>k,{4y�� 0�O��b�4N{kR�Cg)R�v�O���c�e 0,{5ag� 0�O��b�4N{kR�Cg)R�v�O���c�e�v�[�e 0� �lY0sS�Q�T�NaY�Q�yr+R�bJTXT�v�bJT � UN Doc, E/CN.4/1997/60,para.81. [32] 0lQlCg)R�T?e�lCg)R�VE�lQ�~ 0,{14ag,{3>k,{2y�� 0'k2m�NCglQ�~ 0,{6ag,{2>k,{2y�� 0�2m�NCglQ�~ 0,{8ag,{2>k,{3y�� 0^�2m�NCg�Tl�eCg�[�z 0,{7ag,{1>k,{4y�� 0�O��b�4N{kR�Cg)R�v�O���c�e 0,{5ag� 0�O��b�4N{kR�Cg)R�v�O���c�e�v�[�e 00 [33] 0lQlCg)R�T?e�lCg)R�VE�lQ�~ 0,{14ag,{3>k,{3y�� 0'k2m�NCglQ�~ 0,{6ag,{1>k� 0�2m�NCglQ�~ 0,{8ag,{1>k� 0^�2m�NCg�Tl�eCg�[�z 0,{7ag,{1>k,{4y�� 0�O��b�4N{kR�Cg)R�v�O���c�e 0,{5ag0 [34] 0lQlCg)R�T?e�lCg)R�VE�lQ�~ 0,{14ag,{1>k� 0'k2m�NCglQ�~ 0,{6ag,{1>k� 0�2m�NCglQ�~ 0,{8ag,{1>k� 0^�2m�NCg�Tl�eCg�[�z 0,{7ag,{1>k,{2y�� 0�O��b�4N{kR�Cg)R�v�O���c�e 0,{5ag0 [35] �NCg�N�R�YXTO�v�r^�Q�[��:_��NُN�p0�S���O�Y�Little v. Jamaica (No.283/1988), UN Doc. A/47/40, p.276. [36] 0lQlCg)R�T?e�lCg)R�VE�lQ�~ 0,{6ag,{4>k� 0�O��b�4N{kR�Cg)R�v�O���c�e 0,{7ag� 0�O��b�4N{kR�Cg)R�v�O���c�e�v�[�e 0 ESC Res.1989/64� �lY0sS�Q�T�NaY�Q�yr+R�bJTXT�v�bJT � UN Doc, E/CN.4/1998/68,para.118. [37] �O�Y(W�R�b'Y �L�?e�['YYR�N�[ N�^d��N{kR ��k��O�v�^d��e14t^0dk�p/f�R�b'Y�[XT(WvQT�NCg�N�R�YXTOZPgR�bJT�e\O:N�[�Q�N{kR�n(u�vN�y;N���O�b�c�e�c�Q�v� UN Doc. CCPR/C/1/Add.43. [38] 0�O��b�4N{kR�Cg)R�v�O���c�e�v�[�e 0 ESC Res.1989/64; �lY0sS�Q�T�NaY�Q�yr+R�bJTXT�v�bJT � UN Doc, E/CN.4/1996/4, para.556.  �lY0sS�Q�T�NaY�Q�yr+R�bJTXT�v�bJT � UN Doc, E/CN.4/1998/68, para.118;  �lY0sS�Q�T�NaY�Q�yr+R�bJTXT�v�bJT � UN Doc, E/CN.4/1998/68, Add.1, para.178; 01949t^8g12�esQ�Nb�O�_G�KN�e�Q�tlQ�~ 0,{101ag� 01949t^8g12�esQ�Nb�e�O�bs^lKN�e�Q�tlQ�~ 0,{75ag0 [39] 0�O��b�4N{kR�Cg)R�v�O���c�e 0,{8ag0 [40] ESC Res. 1996/15; �lY0sS�Q�T�NaY�Q�yr+R�bJTXT�v�bJT � UN Doc, E/CN.4/1996/4,para.556. [41] ESC Res. 1996/15. [42] Soering v. United Kingdom and Germany, 7 July 1989, Series A, Vol. 161, 11 EHRR 439. [43] Pratt et al. v. Attorney General for Jamaica et al., [1993] 4 All. ER 769, [1993] 2 LRC 349, [1994] 2 AC 1, 14 HRLJ 338, 33 ILM 364 (JCPC). [44] Errol Johnson v. Jamaica (No. 588/1994), UN Doc. CCPR/C/56/D/588/1994;  Report by the Special Rapporteur, Mr. Bacre Waly Ndiaye, Submitted Pursuant to Commission on Human Rights Resolution 1993/71 , UN Doc. E/CN.4/1994/7, para 682. But see:  Situation of Human Rights in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Report of the Special Rapporteur , UN Doc. E/CN. 4/1998/13, para.75. [45] General Comment 6(16), U.N. Doc CCPR/C/21/Add.1, U.N. Doc A/37/40, Annex V, U.N. Doc CCPR/3/Add.1, pp.382-3(��D�U_5 �,{402u�)�Pinto v. Trinidad and Tobago (No. 232/1978), UN Doc, A/45/40, Vol. II, p.69; Reid v. Jamaica (No. 250/1987), UN Doc. A/45/40, Vol. II, p. 85, 11 HRLJ 319. gsQ6R�[ 0lQlCg)R�T?e�lCg)R�VE�lQ�~ 0�vN*N�e�vD��R���[fN ��N\ 0lQ�~ 0,{14ag�SbN*N N�SKQ�Q�vĉ�[�v�^���]���c�Q0UN Doc. E/CN. 4/Sub. 2/1990/34, para. 150, UN Doc. E/CN.4/Sub. 2/1991/29. [46] Habeas Corpus in Emergency Situation (Arts. 27(2), 25(1) and 7(6) American Convention on Human Rights), Advisory Opinion OC-9/87 of 30 January 1987, Series A, No.8, para. 36. [47] Judicial Guarantees in States of Emergency (Arts. 27(2), 25(1) and 8 American Convention on Human Rights), Advisory Opinion OC-9/87 of 6 October 1987, Series A, No.9, paras. 29-30. [48] 0lQlCg)R�T?e�lCg)R�VE�lQ�~ 0,{6ag,{2>k,,{15ag� 0'k2m�NCglQ�~ 0,{7ag� 0�2m�NCglQ�~ 0,{9ag� 0^�2m�NCg�Tl�eCg�[�z 0,{7ag,{2>k� 0�O��b�4N{kR�Cg)R�v�O���c�e 0,{5ag0 [49] 0lQlCg)R�T?e�lCg)R�VE�lQ�~ 0,{4ag,{2>k� 0'k2m�NCglQ�~ 0,{15ag,{2>k� 0�2m�NCglQ�~ 0,{27ag,{2>k0 [50] 0lQlCg)R�T?e�lCg)R�VE�lQ�~ 0,{6ag,{2>k� 0�O��b�4N{kR�Cg)R�v�O���c�e 0,{1ag0  Resolution Urging States to Envisage a Moratorium on the Death Penalty, 13th Activity Report of the African Commission on Human an People s Rights , OAU Doc. AHG/Dec. 153(XXXVI), Annex IV, art. 2(a). [51] 0�O��b�4N{kR�Cg)R�v�O���c�e 0,{1ag0 [52] �lY0sS�Q�T�NaY�Q�yr+R�bJTXT�v�bJT � UN Doc, E/CN.4/1997/60, para.91. [53] GA Res. 32/61; CHR Res.1998/8. [54] 0�2m�NCglQ�~ 0,{4ag,{2>k0 [55] T N0 [56] 0lQlCg)R�T?e�lCg)R�VE�lQ�~ 0,{6ag,{5>k� 0�2m�NCglQ�~ 0,{4ag,{5>k� 01949t^�e�Q�tlQ�~sQ�N�O�b�VE�fkň�Q�z-N�v���[�N�v,{ND��R���[fN 0,{76ag,{3>k� 01949t^�e�Q�tlQ�~sQ�N�O�b^��VE�fkň�Q�z-N�v���[�N�v,{�ND��R���[fN 0,{6ag,{4>k0 [57]  Initial Report of Morocco , UN Doc. CCPR/C/Add.10; UN Doc. CCPR/C/SR.327, para. 8�l�̑ �0 [58] United States v. Rosenberg, 195F.2d 583(2nd Cir. ) cert.denied, 344 US 838 (1952).1u�N T�e�[vQ6r�kۏL��NY�Q �5*N?Q�z-N�v2*Nb:Nd[?Q0 [59] 0�2m�NCglQ�~ 0,{4ag,{5>k0 [60] 0�O��b�4N{kR�Cg)R�v�O���c�e�v�[�e 0 ESC Res.1989/640 [61] 0?Q�zCg)RlQ�~ 0 �GA Res. 44/25, art. 37�a. [62] 01949t^8g12�esQ�Nb�e�O�bs^lKN�e�Q�tlQ�~ 0,{68ag,{4>k� 0lQlCg)R�T?e�lCg)R�VE�lQ�~ 0,{6ag,{5>k� 0�O��b�4N{kR�Cg)R�v�O���c�e 0,{3ag� 0?Q�zCg)RlQ�~ 0,{37ag,{1>k0 [63] General Comment 24(52), U.N. Doc CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.6, (1994) 15 HRLJ 464, para.8. [64]  Initial Report of the United States , UN Doc. CCPR/C/79/Add. 50(1995), para 14. [65] Roach and Pinkerton v. United States (Case No. 9647), Resolution No. 3/87, reported in OAS Doc. OEA/Ser. L/V/II. 71 doc. 9 rev.1, p. 147, Inter-American Yearbook on Human Rights, 1987, Dordrecht/Boston/London: Martinus Nijhoff, 1990, p.328, 8 HRLJ 345. [66] Anglo Norwegian Fisheries Case(United Kingdom v. Norway), [1951] ICJ Reports 116, at p.138. [67] Ian Brownlie, Principles of Public International Law, Oxford:Clarendon Press, 1979, pp. 10-11; Anglo Norwegian Fisheries Case(United Kingdom v. Norway), [1951] ICJ Reports 116, at p.131. North Sea Continental Shelf Cases ( Federal Republic of Germany v. Denmark and v. Netherlands), [1969] ICJ Reports 3, at p. 46; Neclear Tests Case (Australia v. France), [1974] ICJ Reports 253, pp.286-289. [68] Nguyen Quoc Dinh, Patrick Daillier and Allain Pellet, Droit international public, 3rd edn, Paris: Librairie generale de droit et de jurisprudence, 1987, p.302. [69] William A. Schabas,  Internaitonal Norms on Execution of the Insane and the Mentally Retarded , (1993) 4 Criminal Law Forum 95. [70] 0�O��b�4N{kR�Cg)R�v�O���c�e�v�[�e 0, T�e�S��� �lY0sS�Q�T�NaY�Q�yr+R�bJTXT�v�bJT � UN Doc, E/CN.4/1994/7, para.686� �lY0sS�Q�T�NaY�Q�yr+R�bJTXT�v�bJT � UN Doc, E/CN.4/1998/68, para.117. [71] Ng v. Canada (No. 469/1991), UN Doc. A/49/40, Vol. II, p. 189, 15 HRLJ 149. [72] Cox v. Canada (No. 539/1993), UN Doc. CCPR/C/52/D/539, (1995) 15 HRLJ 410. [73] Ocalan v. Turkey (No.46221/99), Admissibility, 14 December 2000. [74]  Concluding Obserbations, Nigeria , UN Doc CCPR/C/79/Add.16,para.16. [75] Roach and Pinkerton v. United States, para. 56:  �YXTO��:N �(W�2m�V�[�~�~bXT�V-N �X[(WN*N�����S�v:_L��lĉR ���1\/f�ybk�V�[�[?Q�zgbL�{kR 0 T�e�S���YXTaS/O�b(Monroy Cabra)T�2m�NCg�lb��Sh��vo�0�S�� Restrictions to the Death Penalty (Arts. 4(4) American Convention on Human Rights), Advisory Opinion OC-3/83 of 8 September 1983, Series B, No. 3, p. 218. [76] A. Verdross,  Jus Dispositivum and Jus Cogens in International Law , (1966) 60 AJIL 55. [77] W. Paul Gormley,  The Right to Life and the Rule of Non-Derogability: Peremptory Norms of Jus Gogens , in Bertrand G. Ramcharan, ed., The Right to Life in International Law, Boston: Martinus Nijhoff, 1985, pp.120-159;  Human Rights in Chile , UN Doc. E/CN/1983/9. [78] Nguyen, Daillier & Peller, Droit international public, p. 302. [79] Echegaray v. 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